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The wind industry may soon be dependent on a different kind of environmental awareness that has more to do with lasers than ecology.
A new laser pointer 100mw system that can be mounted on wind turbines allows them to prepare for the wind rushing toward their blades.
The lasers act like sonar for the wind, bouncing off microscopically small particulates and back to a fiber optic detector. That data is fed to an on-board processor that generates a three-dimensional view of the wind speed and direction. Subtle adjustments in the turbine blade’s angle to the window allows it to capture more energy and protect itself in case of strong gusts.
The startup company that developed the Vindicator system, Catch the Wind, recently deployed a wind unit on a Nebraska Public Power District turbine. It increased the production of the unit (.pdf) by more than 10 percent, according to the company’s white paper. If those numbers held across the nations’ 35 gigawatts of installed wind capacity, the laser lidar (Light Detection and Ranging) sensors could add more than 3.5 gigawatts of wind capacity without adding a single additional turbine.
“This is what they call disruptive technology,” said William Fetzer, vice president of business development for Catch the Wind. “There are roughly 80,000 to 90,000 wind turbines out in the world, and they don’t have this technology.”
Wind farms are only as good as their data. There have been revolutions in assessing wind resources over long time-scales, but the short-term gustiness of the wind has remained a problem.
Current wind turbines rely on wind-measuring instruments known as anemometers that are mounted to the back of the turbine’s gear-housing unit, called a nacelle. The data from the wind is fed to a computer that optimizes the blades’ configuration to capture the most energy from the wind.
In many cases, cup anemometers, which took their current form in the 1930s, are still used. They work well enough, but have to be positioned behind the blades, which subjects them to turbulence. And, importantly, they can only tell you how fast the wind was blowing after it passed. That doesn’t help you with a freak gust of wind or any of the odd behavior that renewable energy developers have caught the wind exhibiting.
Fort Felker, director of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s National Wind Technology Center, said he saw great potential in laser pointer 200mw lidar and similar sound-wave-based systems generally.
“Once you have a detailed knowledge of the coming wind, there are a lot of opportunities,” said Felker told Wired.com.
While he estimates the amount of energy that could be captured is below Catch the Wind’s 10 percent, he said the systems could really help reduce the wear-and-tear on machines caused by strong winds hitting improperly positioned blades.
“Researchers have already demonstrated that substantial reduction of loads is certainly possible,” Felker said.
laser lidar, despite first being demonstrated for wind measurement in the 1970s, has been slow to catch on. The systems have been too expensive.
“Widespread deployment of the technique has so far been hampered by the expense and complexity of laser lidar systems,” a 2005 NREL research report found. “However, the recent development of laser lidar systems based on optical fiber and components from the telecommunications industry promises large improvements in cost, compactness, and reliability so that it becomes viable to consider the deployment of such systems on large wind turbines.”
Now, even the most venerable R&D testing group in the world, the Danish National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy’s Ris?e wind outfit, is working on a turbine-mounted laser lidar system, though they only claim a 5 percent increase in electricity production.
Catch the Wind grew out of a small-business grant that the company’s predecessor, Optical Air Data Systems, received from the U.S. military. They developed a laser lidar system for helicopters working in the dusty Iraq and Afghanistan terrain. The company developed their rugged and relatively lightweight laser lidar systems by marrying aerospace knowledge with emerging telecommunications tech like better fiber optic cables and laser pointer 300mw diodes.
Still, Catch the Wind may have a tough road ahead. The energy industry is notoriously risk averse. Besides, wind electricity in many places is already cheaper than wholesale electricity prices.
Erin Edholm, a representative for National Wind, a wind-farm developer that’s put in more than 4,000 megawatts of turbines, said that the company’s wind resource assessment team “has not used [laser lidar] or considered using it to date.”
But that doesn’t dim the hopes of Catch the Wind’s Fetzer for the company’s ultimate success.
“When you do disruptive technologies, it takes time,” Fetzer said. “People don’t believe that things are as bad as they are until they can see what we can do.”
It helps that they don’t need the wind turbine manufacturers to incorporate their technology to jump start their business. They’ve got what’s known as a “bolt-on” solution, meaning it can be attached to existing turbines. They don’t need manufacturers to incorporate their product to sell it to wind farms.
Still, some wind farmers may worry that the warranties they have on their turbines would be voided by adding a laser lidar system. Fetzer said Catch the Wind is working out the warranty issues.
General Electric, which is the largest wind turbine manufacturer in the United States, is not using or developing laser lidar specifically, either. Catch the Wind did recently sell one of their machines to a large, unnamed turbine manufacturer.
Though Catch the Wind is not discussing pricing for their products, Fetzer maintains that their customers will make their money back in the three-to-five year range that he says wind developers are looking for. The 2005 NREL report calculated a preliminary cost for a generic laser lidar system of less than $95,000, once production was up and running.
The development of controls for capturing the most energy from the wind has been a constant theme in wind energy research. But it’s not always the company that develops the technology that reaps the rewards from its commercialization. Wind turbines in the 1980s struggled mightily to convert the wind’s gusty capriciousness into steady rotary power.
At the time, the turbine’s rotor had to turn at a constant rate. Researchers realized that their machines could operate over a larger range of speeds if the rotor could speed up or slow down in response to the wind, but they would need power electronics to translate the power into electricity suitable for the grid.
A multimillion dollar R&D program launched by laser pointer U.S. Windpower and the Electric Power Research Institute to commercialize a variable-speed rotor resulted in a mostly defective turbine design that helped push U.S. Windpower out of business. The variable-speed rotor went on to become a standard part of wind turbine designs.
Catch the Wind obviously is hoping not to suffer the same fate. They are exploring a variety of business models including sharing the revenue from the extra power they say their systems can generate. If they don’t generate any more electricity, the wind turbine owner doesn’t pay anything. If they do, Catch the Wind gets half the take.
Using a low-cost apparatus designed to quickly and accurately measure the properties of handheld laser devices, National Institute of Standards and Technology researchers tested 122 burning laser pointers and found that nearly 90 percent of green pointers and about 44 percent of red pointers tested were out of compliance with federal safety regulations. test apparatus was designed so that it can be replicated easily by other institutions.
As researchers reported at a conference on March 20, 2013, both red and green laser pointers often emitted more visible power than allowed under the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), and green pointers often emitted unacceptable levels of infrared light as well.
Anecdotal reports of green laser hazards have previously appeared in scientific journals and the media, but the new tests are the first reported precision measurements of a large number of handheld laser
devices. Tests point out that many red laser pointers are also—unexpectedly—out of compliance with federal regulations. "Our results raise numerous safety questions regarding laser pointers and their use," the new paper states.
Tests were conducted on randomly selected commercial laser devices labeled as Class IIIa or 3R and sold as suitable for demonstration use in classrooms and other public spaces. Such lasers are limited under the CFR to 5 milliwatts maximum emission in the visible portion of the spectrum and less than 2 milliwatts in the infrared portion of the spectrum. About half the devices tested emitted power levels at least twice the CFR limit at one or more wavelengths. The highest measured power output was 66.5 milliwatts, more than 10 times the legal limit. The power measurements were accurate to within 5 percent.
According to the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), laser devices that exceed 3R limits may be hazardous and should be subject to more rigorous controls such as training, to prevent injury.
Is a non-regulatory agency with decades of experience providing industry, research and military agencies with laser power measurements traceable to international standards. also has a history of innovation in devices for making such measurements. Technical staff from Laser Radiometry Project built the laser pointer test bed and collaborated with the Office of Safety, Health and Environment on the tests. has provided its data on laser pointer 1000mw power measurements to the Food and Drug Administration, which regulates laser product safety.
Green lasers generate green light from infrared light. Ideally, the device should be designed and manufactured to confine the infrared light within the laser housing. However, according to the new results, more than 75 percent of the devices tested emitted infrared light in excess of the CFR limit.
Laser Safety Officer Joshua Hadler designed the measurement test bed. The system consists of a laser power meter and two optical filters to quantify the emissions of different wavelengths of visible and infrared light. The power meter and filters were calibrated at. Lens holders ensure repeatable laser alignment, and an adjustable aperture contains the laser light around the output end of the laser.
"The measurement system is designed so that anyone can build it using off-the-shelf parts for about $2,000," Hadler says. "By relying on manufacturers' traceability to a national measurement institute such, someone could use this design to accurately measure power from a laser pointer."
http://www.lasereshop.com/application-of-laser-pointer.html
A federal judge ordered 26-year-old Sergio Rodriguez to spend the next 14 years in prison Monday for “lasing” a police helicopter as a national crackdown on people who point lasers at aircraft intensifies.
Rodriguez was arrested in 2012 and convicted in December 2013 of attempting to interfere with the operation of an aircraft, which comes with a maximum 20-year sentence. His girlfriend Jennifer Coleman, now 23, was convicted of pointing a powerful laser pointer at an aircraft, a federal crime established months before the Clovis, Calif., couple's arrest that's punishable by five years in prison. She will be sentenced May 12.
The 14-year sentence is one of the stiffest so far for “lasing” an aircraft.
Although it's unclear if an airplane or helicopter has crashed as a result of being laser pointer 1000mw flashed, pilots, the Federal Aviation Administration and the Federal Bureau of Investigation say the hand-held devices can temporarily blind pilots during landings and take-off, potentially causing a calamity.
The FBI announced in February a $10,000 reward for information leading to the arrest of people who amuse themselves by pointing inexpensive store-bought laser pointer at an aircraft. At least 3,960 laser attacks were reported in 2013, the bureau said, part of a multiyear upswing in incidents.
Recently, in the famous website design unveiled the a new laser pointer, with simple style and comfortable use feeling, can effectively and stably display circle, point and line, and does not destroy the presentation of fluency. It is out of the traditional pointer design and is shaped into a stylish ring on the finger. Designers from the initial dot matrix laser pointer, and added a sliding button to help draw the circle and line. When the pointer is set on the index finger, the thumb can be used to slide the button on the ring. A circle, points, lines, and three options button, when to slide show circle, slide, the higher the larger circle; when down slide show lines, slide lower the longer the line; button placed intermediate time is displayed and the old section of the pointer as dots. In the course of the demonstration, the presenter can move their hands freely, which emphasizes the important area through the circle, the point and the line. With a new laser pointer, the presenter can be more focused on speech and presentation, rather than groping in the hands of a small tool, so that you will be handy in the speech.
Red light laser pointer 200mw structure is the most simple, the reason why simply because the red laser pointer is basically a battery powered by the diode. And a laser diode with the wavelength. Red laser appeared in the early 1980's, is a huge and bulky equipment worth hundreds of dollars; it is very small and very cheap.
The use of wavelength 808nm infrared laser pointer 1000mw to stimulate the nonlinear crystal, produce 1064nm infrared light, and then the second harmonic generation 532nm green light, which belongs to the solid laser. Some green lasers work in the pulse or quasi continuous mode to reduce the cooling problem, to extend the battery life. The announcement does not require frequency doubling of the green laser has a higher efficiency. In the night even the low power of the green light due to the atmospheric molecules of the Rayleigh scattering can also be seen, the laser pointer is often used by astronomy enthusiasts for pointing stars and constellations.
The market appears to have a wavelength of 593.5nm yellow light laser pointer 2000mw. By using DPSS technology to wavelength of two laser beams 1064nm and 1342nm through a nonlinear crystal phase. The complexity of the process makes the yellow laser pen unstable and low efficiency, with the change of temperature output power in the 1-10mW, if the overheating or too cold will occur mode jump. This is because the size of the laser pointer does not provide the required temperature stability and cooling components.
Laser pointer is the presentation of the most common one of the tools, however, are now using a laser pointer will have limitations, because the only point to a point, demonstration in the demonstration process often have to hold it to find a point to the location, waving a pointer to draw circles and lines will dry disturbing the audience's attention.
There are no mirror reflectivity, the mirror is generally about 90%, optical instrument can reach about 97%; the rest is then is absorbed; we assumed that a laser pointer 1000mw effective radiated power, the active area to 1 mm2, with up to 97% if the specular reflectance of the reflected beam of light to, then there is a 30W energy is absorbed into the heat, you can imagine, the role of 30W of power in 1 mm2, only micron thickness reflective surface, even if it is used as a reflective silver material has been vaporized, laser will be blocked after penetrating look at the mirror.
http://ameblo.jp/szq95910/entry-12152438131.html
Or laser pointer 2000mw active area of ??1 mm2, up to 97% if the specular reflection rate to the reflected beam of light, then there is 60W energy is absorbed into heat. Conversely, if the power is small, or the effect of a larger area of ??the reflecting mirror or by other methods have higher thermal conductivity, the reflection effect can be sustained.
Mirrors have damage threshold, there is a possibility of being broken. For example, laser pointer 200mw using high damage threshold of the mirror, the laser can be reflected off. The light reflected back to the laser, then the mirror as the equivalent of a mirror, the laser resonator has changed. Lasers can add some inside isolator for preventing reflected laser damage crystals.
By adjusting the length of laser pointer the different ways of adjusting the first mirror. It is in the right hand side of the photo, so the mobile frame for the same number of the pictures on the left (the back of the body) or at the center. Please adjust the center of the inner hole of the inner sleeve of the laser light path to the mirror. If the level of the center, adjust the frame angle. Just a slight angle will make a big move. So, it slowly adjust. Please adjust as the center. The original position of the laser on the use of the software. When the second mirror is too far away, it may be too far from the center, so give it a go near distance once again in the middle area of the Y axis side. Right Y axis before irradiation treatment area. Back to the original position, if it is too far from the middle of the frame, the adjusted angle. A little time to fix the angle of the screw in the mirror. Move the Y axis to adjust it, so there is no slip before the process domain of the different ways and the original point of the position. At the same time, by adjusting the vertical axis sliding adjusted the mirror base for adjusting screw, even if it is moving in the horizontal direction, you can also adjust the level of the horizontal direction angle adjustment, if it is so, the first reflector including aluminum frame to move together, aluminum frame parallel.